We are further restricted by filesystem naming limitations. Some filesystems are case-insensitive, so "a" and "A" do not count as distinct names. As a safe but not necessarily optimal compromise, our zip bomb will use filenames consisting of characters drawn from a character alphabet that does not rely on case distinctions or use special characters:.
Filenames are generated in the obvious way, cycling each position through the possible characters and adding a position on overflow:. There are 36 filenames of length 1, 36 2 filenames of length 2, and so on. Given that the N filenames in the zip file are generally not all of the same length, which way should we order them, shortest to longest or longest to shortest? A little reflection shows that it is better to put the longest names last, because those names are the most quoted.
Ordering filenames longest last adds over MB of output to zblg. It is a minor optimization, though, as those MB comprise only 0. The quoted-overlap construction allows us to place a compressed kernel of data, and then cheaply copy it many times. For a given zip file size X , how much space should we devote to storing the kernel, and how much to making copies? To find the optimum balance, we only have to optimize the single variable N , the number of files in the zip file.
Every value of N requires a certain amount of overhead for central directory headers, local file headers, quoting block headers, and filenames. All the remaining space can be taken up by the kernel. Because N has to be an integer, and you can only fit so many files before the kernel size drops to zero, it suffices to test every possible value of N and select the one that yields the most output.
It is not a coincidence. Let's look at a simplified model of the quoted-overlap construction. In the simplified model, we ignore filenames, as well as the slight increase in output file size due to quoting local file headers. Analysis of the simplified model will show that the optimum split between kernel and file headers is approximately even, and that the output size grows quadratically when allocation is optimal. Let H N be the amount of header overhead required by N files.
Refer to the diagram to understand where this formula comes from. In this simplified model we ignore the minor additional expansion from quoted local file headers. Taking the derivative and finding the zero gives us N OPT , the optimal number of files. H N OPT gives the optimal amount of space to allocate for file headers. From this we see that the output size grows quadratically in the input size.
As we make the zip file larger, eventually we run into the limits of the zip format. It happens that the first limit we hit is the one on uncompressed file size. Accepting that we cannot increase N nor the size of the kernel without bound, we would like find the maximum compression ratio achievable while remaining within the limits of the zip format.
The way to proceed is to make the kernel as large as possible, and have the maximum number of files. Even though we can no longer maintain the roughly even split between kernel and file headers, each added file does increase the compression ratio—just not as fast as it would if we were able to keep growing the kernel, too. In fact, as we add files we will need to decrease the size of the kernel to make room for the maximum file size that gets slightly larger with each added file.
Any major improvements to the compression ratio can only come from reducing the input size, not increasing the output size. Among the metadata in the central directory header and local file header is a CRC checksum of the uncompressed file data. This poses a problem, because directly calculating the CRC of each file requires doing work proportional to the total unzipped size, which is large by design.
It's a zip bomb, after all. We would prefer to do work that in the worst case is proportional to the zipped size. Two factors work in our advantage: all files share a common suffix the kernel , and the uncompressed kernel is a string of repeated bytes. We will represent CRC as a matrix product—this will allow us not only to compute the checksum of the kernel quickly, but also to reuse computation across files.
You can model CRC as a state machine that updates a bit state register for each incoming bit. The basic update operations for a 0 bit and a 1 bit are:. To see why, observe that multiplying a matrix by a vector is just summing the columns of the matrix, after multiplying each column by the corresponding element of the vector. This representation is called homogeneous coordinates.
The matrices M 0 and M 1 are shown. The benefit of a matrix representation is that matrices compose. Suppose we want to represent the state change effected by processing the ASCII character 'a', whose binary representation is 2.
We can represent the cumulative CRC state change of those 8 bits in a single transformation matrix:. And we can represent the state change of a string of repeated 'a's by multiplying many copies of M a together—matrix exponentiation.
For example, the matrix representing the state change of a string of 9 'a's is. The square-and-multiply algorithm is useful for computing M kernel , the matrix for the uncompressed kernel, because the kernel is a string of repeated bytes.
To produce a CRC checksum value from a matrix, multiply the matrix by the zero vector. The zero vector in homogeneous coordinates, that is: 32 0's followed by a 1. Here we omit the minor complication of pre- and post-conditioning the checksum. To compute the checksum for every file, we work backwards. Continue the procedure, accumulating state change matrices into M , until all the files have been processed. Earlier we hit a wall on expansion due to limits of the zip format—it was impossible to produce more than about TB of output, no matter how cleverly packed the zip file.
It is possible to surpass those limits using Zip64 , an extension to the zip format that increases the size of certain header fields to 64 bits. Support for Zip64 is by no means universal , but it is one of the more commonly implemented extensions.
As regards the compression ratio, the effect of Zip64 is to increase the size of a central directory header from 46 bytes to 58 bytes, and the size of a local directory header from 30 bytes to 50 bytes.
Referring to the formula for optimal expansion in the simplified model, we see that a zip bomb in Zip64 format still grows quadratically, but more slowly because of the larger denominator—this is visible in the figure below in the Zip64 line's slightly lower vertical placement. In exchange for the loss of compatibility and slower growth, we get the removal of all practical file size limits. Suppose we want a zip bomb that expands to 4. One is using Apache Lucene, and the other the native implementation stores the index data in special tables in the database.
You need to initialize it in each database where you want to use it. Afterwards, you can create a fulltext index for a table using:. The list of column names comma separated is optional, in this case all columns are indexed. The index is updated in realtime. To search the index, use the following query:.
To use the Apache Lucene full text search, you need the Lucene library in the classpath. Apache Lucene 5. Newer versions may also work, but were not tested. To initialize the Lucene fulltext search in a database, call:. Afterwards, you can create a full text index for a table using:. To drop an index on a table be warned that this will re-index all of the full-text indices for the entire database :.
The Lucene fulltext search supports searching in specific column only. Column names must be uppercase except if the original columns are double quoted. This database supports user-defined variables. Variables start with and can be used wherever expressions or parameters are allowed. Variables are not persisted and session scoped, that means only visible from within the session in which they are defined.
A value is usually assigned using the SET command:. Variables that are not set evaluate to NULL. The data type of a user-defined variable is the data type of the value assigned to it, that means it is not necessary or possible to declare variable names before using them.
There are no restrictions on the assigned values; large objects LOBs are supported as well. Rolling back a transaction does not affect the value of a user-defined variable. If the time zone is not set, the value is parsed using the current time zone setting of the system.
Date and time information is stored in H2 database files with or without time zone information depending on used data type. The destroy-method will help prevent exceptions on hot-redeployment or when restarting the server. The standard H2 jar can be dropped in as a bundle in an OSGi container. Any other standard property will be rejected. Non-standard properties will be passed on to H2 in the connection URL.
Management over JMX is supported, but not enabled by default. Various tools support JMX, one such tool is the jconsole. When opening the jconsole , connect to the process where the database is open when using the server mode, you need to connect to the server process. Then go to the MBeans section. Under org. The object name of the entry is the database short name, plus the path each colon is replaced with an underscore character.
To enable JMX, you may need to set the system properties com. Depending on your platform and environment, there are multiple ways to start the H2 Console: OS Start Windows Click [Start], [All Programs], [H2], and [H2 Console Command Line ] An icon will be added to the system tray: If you don't get the window and the system tray icon, then maybe Java is not installed correctly in this case, try another way to start the application. A console window appears.
If there is a problem, you will see an error message in this window. This only works if the. Firewall If you start the server, you may get a security warning from the firewall if you have installed one. Testing Java To find out which version of Java is installed, open a command prompt and type: java -version If you get an error message, you may need to add the Java binary directory to the path environment variable. Error Message 'Port may be in use' You can only start one instance of the H2 Console, otherwise you will get the following error message: "The Web server could not be started.
Using another Port If the default port of the H2 Console is already in use by another application, then a different port needs to be configured. Connecting to the Server using a Browser If the server started successfully, you can connect to it using a web browser. Multiple Concurrent Sessions Multiple concurrent browser sessions are supported.
Login At the login page, you need to provide connection information to connect to a database. Error Messages Error messages in are shown in red. Inserting Table Names or Column Names To insert table and column names into the script, click on the item in the tree. Disconnecting and Stopping the Application To log out of the database, click [Disconnect] in the toolbar panel.
Patterns are case sensitive usually identifiers are uppercase. For information about the parameters, see the Javadoc documentation. Missing parameters at the end of the line are set to null. Names or one-based indexes of required columns can be optionally specified.
Random values are used for each? A Statement object is used instead of a PreparedStatement if statement is used. Result sets are read until ResultSet. Timing information is printed. This will call System. The statement is not executed. The top 3 stack traces of the statement s between start and stop are listed if there are 3.
Used to profile a long running query or operation that is running in another session but in the same process. Supported settings are: webAllowOthers : allow other computers to connect. A simple way to do that is using the following code: import java.
Creating New Databases By default, if the database specified in the embedded URL does not yet exist, a new empty database is created automatically. Server This will start the tool with the default options. Server -? There are options available to use other ports, and start or not start parts. Sample code: import org. To stop the server from the command line, run: java org. Using Hibernate This database supports Hibernate version 3. Embedded Mode The currently simplest solution is to use the database in the embedded mode, that means open a connection in your application when it starts a good solution is using a Servlet Listener, see below , or when a session starts.
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You can put the new files into place using FTP or the command line. Use the command line, if you have access to it! Using the command line will be much faster than having to upload each single one of the thousands of files via FTP. If you cannot access the command line on your server, download the MediaWiki tarball to your local computer and use 7zip to extract the tarball on your local PC. After you extracted the files locally, use your favorite FTP client software to upload directories and files to the server.
This method is efficient because the files are uncompressed on the server itself. You may need to run the command as sudo if you don't have full write permissions to the wiki install directories under your current user.
When untarring a tarball package normally a new directory for the new wiki version will be created and you will have to copy the old configuration files and images directory from your old installation directory:. After extracting the tarball, you should copy or move some files and folders from the old installation directory to the new one:. Once done, make this new folder the published folder on the web server, or rename the old installation directory and then rename the new one to match the old name.
If using Git , export the files into a clean location, and then copy the old customized files into the new location as described in the previous section. You will also need to install some external PHP libraries using Composer or a provided collection maintained for the Wikimedia wiki farm.
More details on installing and updating external libraries can be found in the Git download documentation. A small patch file is usually made available for a minor version upgrade. You'll need to download patch to use this.
Manually download and extract the patch file from the dumps site or follow the directions with wget below. Patches are incremental, you can not skip a version. If you unpacked over the old installation directory, some old files can cause problems with the new version.
If you are not using profiling , but have a StartProfiler. Deleting, or renaming, the StartProfiler. The StartProfiler. MediaWiki 1. After upgrading to this version, you should ensure that the old files Chick.
MediaWiki will log warnings if any of them are still found to help you remember. You will also need to adjust any custom skins to follow a similar convention.
See Manual:Skin autodiscovery for details. After upgrading to this version, you should ensure that the old files CologneBlue. Certain extensions have been updated in order to work with the new version of MediaWiki. Be sure to upgrade to the latest versions of such extensions. You might need to perform manual updates to custom extensions. Different tarballs include some subsets of extensions and have versioning which helps you upgrade choosing the right one for your MediaWiki core release.
Extension Distributor works well for most people who want a snapshot of extensions that will work with their supported versions of MediaWiki. If you want a lot of extensions then downloading from Git is probably best. If you don't have Git but you want to upgrade a lot of extensions, you might consider using mwExtUpgrader.
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